ADHD UK Medication
ADHD medications are controlled drugs and must be prescribed by a specialist physician. These stimulants include methylphenidate (Ritalin and Concerta) and amphetamines salts, and atomoxetine.
Other non-medical treatments such as talking therapy is also recommended. While medications can help manage symptoms, they cannot change the negative coping mechanisms.
Methylphenidate
Methylphenidate is the most commonly prescribed ADHD drug in the UK. It is also used for narcolepsy, and other psychiatric disorders. It is available as immediate-release tablets and extended-release capsules. The extended-release version takes longer to dissolve and provides long-lasting effects. It is typically prescribed for a limited period of time and the dosage will depend on the patient's symptoms.
In general, stimulant medicines stimulate the areas of the brain that regulate attention and behavior. They are sometimes referred to as "cognitive enhancements" and help people pay attention, concentrate and stay focused. Methylphenidate stimulates the activity of areas of the brain which are underactive for ADHD patients. It also increases the efficiency of your body's energy usage. It is sold under the brand name Ritalin.
A recent study found the UK has seen an eight-fold increase in prescriptions for methylphenidate over the last two decades. This is a serious public health issue and may indicate that ADHD is being overdiagnosed in the UK. The researchers looked at data from the Clinical Practice Research Database (CPRD) which includes the details of all NHS patients who were registered with a GP in England from 1992 until 2013. The study focused on the use of drugs that are classified as CNS stimulants and approved for ADHD in the British National Formulary. This includes methylphenidate (methylphenidate immediate-release and methylphenidate with extended release) as well as atomoxetine, dexamphetamine (and its derivative of lisdexamfetamine) and modafinil. Pemoline is no longer licensed in the UK due to liver toxicity and was therefore excluded from the study.
Researchers found that methylphenidate is the most frequently prescribed drug for children aged 5 or younger. Nearly a quarter these children have been prescribed this drug. This is despite the fact that National Institute for Health and Care Excellence guidelines suggest that medication only be prescribed as a the first-line treatment for children suffering from severe symptoms of ADHD. They also recommend that parents consider psychological intervention instead.
The findings suggest that the increase in prescriptions for methylphenidate could be partly down to the availability of mental health services, but may also reflect the increasing recognition of ADHD among young people and a growing desire to seek treatment and diagnosis. There could also be instances of inappropriate prescribing methylphenidate for adolescents and young adults.
Atomoxetine
Atomoxetine is a selective noradrenaline receptor inhibit (SNRI) is used to treat ADHD in children and adolescents. It is also an option for treating anxiety disorders that are comorbid. It is not a stimulant and it has low potential for abuse. It has been proven to be effective in clinical studies and is an excellent option for children who are not responding well to stimulants. The long-term safety isn't known.
Atomoxetine acts differently from other ADHD medication. It increases the amount of a chemical known as noradrenaline that is found in the brain. This chemical is responsible for transmitting messages between nerve cells and increasing its levels can increase concentration and control of impulses. It comes in capsule form and is taken a single every day. The medication is usually taken in combination with other treatments, such as psychological therapy, educational support, and cognitive behavioural therapy.
In one study, atomoxetine was found to be more effective than placebo in improving ADHD symptoms. This drug is also well-tolerated and has less risk of having side effects than stimulants, especially in children. In addition, a recent cost-effectiveness analysis revealed that treatment methods that included the use of atomoxetine were more expensive than those that used dexamfetamine or methylphenidate.
This drug can cause serious side effects like suicidal feelings. Speak to your doctor immediately if you child exhibits these symptoms. Many medications like monoamine oxide inhibitors (MAOIs), like phenelzine, may interact with atomoxetine. If your child is taking MAOIs consult your physician for a different medication.
Some people may experience loss of appetite, tiredness or stomach discomfort. These side effects are usually mild, but they may be extreme in certain cases. Atomoxetine can be linked to an extremely rare but serious condition known as hepatic dysfunction which can cause liver failure. In certain cases it could be fatal. It is crucial to talk with your doctor if you have suffered from liver issues or other health issues in the past.
It is essential to inform your doctor about all medications you take such as herbal and alternative therapies. This includes prescription as well as over-the-counter medications, minerals and vitamins. It is crucial to inform your doctor if taking any other ADHD medication, like methylphenidate and lisdexamfetamine. You should also inform your doctor if you or your child are nursing, pregnant, or are thinking of becoming pregnant.
Dexamfetamine
Dexamfetamine, a stimulant, is used to treat ADHD in adults. It is able to improve concentration and attention, as well as reduce impulsive behavior and improve mood. It is available in a capsule, a solution or orally. It is essential to take it regularly and as prescribed by your doctor. Taking too much or stopping abruptly could cause problems. Avoid driving or operating machinery while you are taking this medication. Also, don't carry the medication without a prescription. Always keep proof that you received it. You should also carry your medication to school or work with you, in case it's needed during the day.
Dexamfetamine should be used with caution for patients with a history of epilepsy as it could decrease the threshold of convulsive activity. It is not recommended for patients who have a history of blood vessel or cardiac disorders, such as coronary heart disease and high blood pressure. Full Record is not recommended to use during pregnancy or nursing. It is excreted into breast milk, and therefore there is a potential risk to the infant.
If symptoms of ADHD get worse, a consultation with the doctor is recommended. This will help determine if the condition can be controlled by medication and if medication is appropriate. This will enable the physician to alter dosages or switch to alternative treatments if necessary.
A doctor will begin the patient with a lower dose and gradually increase it to ensure they get the right amount of medication. It is recommended to take your tablets at the same time each day, and ideally with food. This will help you keep track of the tablets and reduce the chance of missing an dose.
Psychoeducation and therapy can be beneficial for people with ADHD in addition to medication. This can help children, teenagers and adults understand their condition and learn how to manage it. Therapy can assist them in dealing with additional issues such as anxiety or depression. Psychoeducation is a combination between educational materials and professional assistance Therapy can be cognitive or behavioural.
Modafinil
Modafinil is a wakefulness-promoting prescription drug that reduces extreme sleepiness that accompanies conditions such as narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) and shift work sleep disorder. Modafinil can be prescribed off-label for people who are more than 18 years old to treat symptoms of ADHD. However, it isn't approved for this use and should only be taken under a doctor's supervision. It is only available with a prescription and should be stored in a secure place away from children. Follow the instructions on the prescription label. Consult your physician or pharmacist for clarification if you do not understand any part of the medication.
The NHS website describes Modafinil as a sleep-inducing central nervous system stimulant. It is prescribed for narcolepsy however it has been used off-label to help those with Parkinson's Disease and Multiple Sclerosis stay awake and alert, as well as those who suffer from fatigue caused by sleep apnea/hypopnea obstruction or shift work. Executives, students, and military personnel needing to be alert are also common users.
A recent survey of UK students found that one-in-five students had taken a "smart drug" to boost their concentration during their exams. Jack Rivlin, 24, editor of student paper The Tab in Farringdon, London reported to BBC Newsbeat that he had purchased modafinil from an offshore website for PS130 last term to aid him in his revision.
While he says he doesn't believe that modafinil makes him smarter, he admits it has helped him keep up with his notes and pass his exam. It's important to keep in mind that these drugs are not magical bullets, and they could have serious side effects.
In addition to its wakefulness-promoting effects, modafinil can increase the risk of cardiovascular problems in some patients, especially those with heart disease. It may also interact with certain medications, including antidepressants and some sedatives. It is also possible to become dependent on the drug and suffer withdrawal symptoms if it is suddenly discontinued.
Modafinil, along with methylphenidate and atomoxetine is classified as a class B substance. This means that it is illegal to distribute, possess, or sell. If you're caught, you could face up to five years in prison.